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Results for "HIV testing"
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Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Frequent viral load monitoring can result in better health outcomes, including improved adherence and early identification of drug resistance.
Adherence and Support
3 studies
Gray
IIIb
Europe and Canada, Mali, adherence, and France, the United States, treatment, viral load monitoring
Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Haiti, India, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Addressing Violence Against Women
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Integrating legal education and services into health care settings can help ensure that women are able to secure their rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IV, V
HIV-related discrimination, legal assistance, people who use drugs, post-exposure prophylaxis, property rights, rape, violence against women, wills
Kenya, Ukraine, Zambia
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
In some countries, three generations have been affected by HIV (Oladokun et al., 2010a). Even as incidence declines, there is a clear need to continue meeting the needs of children orphaned and made vulnerable due to HIV and AIDS.
"Nowadays there is a deadly disease called AIDS. This disease is only treated but not cured. Anyone can be infected -- male, female, young, old, rich, poor, educated...
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Community-based participatory learning approaches involving men and women can create more gender-equitable relationships, thereby decreasing violence. [See also %{s:57}]
Addressing Violence Against Women
5 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV
condom use, condoms, gender norms, gender relations, men, sex behavior, violence
Ethiopia, South Africa, Uganda
Mitigating Risk
Young People Need Information
"I want to know if I can have a boyfriend because every time I ask my mum she tells me not to. I would also love to learn about safe sex and safe motherhood (14 year old adolescent girl living with HIV, Zambia cited in Mburu et al., 2013).
A review of the global literature on adolescents found that "there is a significant unmet need for information, education, an...
Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People
The interventions in this section should also be viewed in conjunction with other topics where young women are included. Studies with adolescent-specific data are also included in the following sections: %{c:5}; %{c:7}; %{c:11}; %{c:13}; %{c:17}; %{c:21}; and %{c:23}.
HIV among adolescents is a growing concern. UNAIDS notes that adolescent girls and young women are a key population in danger o...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
Initiating cART as early as possible to achieve low viral load is optimal, improves maternal health, and reduces risk of vertical transmission. [See also %{s:39}] Note: Risk of vertical transmission rises after 28 weeks of pregnancy (7 months), so initiating ART at least by month 6 of pregnancy reduces risk (Luzuriaga and Mofenson, 2016)
Antenatal Care - Treatment
18 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
ART, CD4 cell count, CD4 counts, HAART, Ireland, Mozambiqu, infants, pregnancy, treatement, treatment, viral load
Argentina, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, France, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Zambia
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered with good adherence, good patient retention, and good clinical outcomes in resource-poor settings, including humanitarian settings, with increased patient survival; results have been similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries.
Provision and Access
15 studies
Gray
I, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, HAART, Jamaica, Mali, South America, conflict, displaced persons, life expectancy, treatment
Africa, Angola, Asia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Europe, Ghana, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, North America, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Programs that provide community-wide cash transfers, microenterprise opportunities, old age pensions or other targeted financial and livelihood assistance can be effective in supporting orphans.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
6 studies
Gray
II, IV, V
OVC, adolescents, community care, financial assistance, grandparents, microfinance, orphans, pensions, self-perception, sexual risk-taking
Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia
Community-based antiretroviral therapy programs may be as effective for adherence as facility-based programs, with lower costs for both patients and services.
Adherence and Support
7 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIb
adherence, community-based care, community-based programs, treatment
Botswana, Brazil, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
