Showing 21 - 40 of 139 Results for "Africa"

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Additional evidence- and rights-based interventions are needed for couples counseling in sero-discordant relationships; counseling that clearly explains serodiscordance and can identify women at risk of violence and make appropriate links to other services. While WHO issued recommendations on couples testing and counseling (WHO, 2012g), more evidence-based interventions are needed for counseling for couples in sero-discordant relationships. These interventions may need to differ by sex, as in one study, women living with HIV were likely to report an HIV-negative or unknown serostatus partner and men living with HIV were more likely to report multiple sexual partners.
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
1 study
Some HIV-positive men and women would consider adoption. A study found that HIV-positive men and women would consider adopting a child as an alternative to having a biological child.
Pre-Conception
1 study
Improved record keeping on HIV counseling, serostatus, and treatment is needed to improve referrals and linkages with other health care services. A study found that record keeping of HIV staging and CD4 counts was inadequate.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Programs are needed that link interventions addressing HIV/AIDS and child abuse. One report found that no PEP access guidelines exist for children who were raped and were under the age of 14. Other studies found high risk behavior among those who had been sexually abused as children.
Addressing Violence Against Women
1 study
Legislation that allows women the right to refuse forced marriage and to divorce and that penalizes marital and non-marital rape is necessary to reduce coercive sex and the risk of HIV transmission. Studies found that in some countries, particularly in regions where there are generalized epidemics, legislation penalizing marital rape does not exist. For younger women: laws stating that a girl under age 16 cannot consent to sex but also that she cannot claim protection from the law if someone has sex with her against her will must be changed: "By granting her neither agency nor security, the law renders her a non-person" (Global Commission on HIV and the Law, 2012).
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Supportive legal and policy frameworks are needed to prevent and redress all forms of violence against women, particularly women living with HIV, women engaged in sex work and women who have sex with women, including in intimate partner settings. [See %{c:7} and %{s:59}]
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Programs for male circumcision need to provide women, as well as men, with detailed factual knowledge of the benefits and risks of voluntary medical male circumcision. Surveys found that women lacked detailed factual knowledge of the benefits and risks of voluntary medical male circumcision and believed that if their male partner was circumcised (whether medically or traditionally) that condom use was unnecessary to protect them from acquiring HIV. Both women and men needed knowledge that abstinence is necessary during wound-healing. Women also need to know that female genital cutting does NOT protect against HIV acquisition or transmission. Women reported that circumcised men adopted risky sexual behaviors. Women feared that medical male circumcision would reduce their ability to negotiate for safer sex and would increase violence. A study of women who acquired HIV found that a large proportion of women reported not knowing whether their partner was circumcised.
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision
1 study
HIV prevention interventions and treatment programs are needed for transgender people. Studies found that despite high rates of HIV, few prevention interventions are for transgender people. Studies showed that providers refused transgender people any services.
Transgender Women and Men
1 study
Further interventions are needed to provide couples counseling and testing to reduce seroconversion during pregnancy. Studies found that inadequate numbers of couples are counseled on safer sex during pregnancy and that despite national guidelines, repeat testing during pregnancy is not routinely done. Studies also found that inadequate spaces for men in antenatal care as well as gender norms that discouraged men from accompanying women to antenatal care discouraged couples testing.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Interventions are needed to support women living with HIV to disclose their serostatus to their children and families. Studies found that HIV-positive women found it extremely difficult to disclose their serostatus to their children and to their families and wanted specific counseling to address this need. A study also found that women wanted support on how to talk to their children about the loss of a sibling from AIDS.
Women and Girls
1 study
Interventions are needed to screen and treat both male and female sexual partners for STIs. Studies found that efforts are needed to reach both men and women: if both partners were not treated, women can get recurrent infections.
Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
1 study
Efforts are needed to avoid disruption of HIV and AIDS programmes during raids and other policing mechanisms. Studies found that HIV prevention efforts are disrupted during raids and that carrying condoms is used to prosecute sex workers.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Actions are needed to increase young people’s knowledge of when and where to access health services, including access to contraception and condoms. A UNESCO review found that young people lacked knowledge of where to access health services to meet their needs. Adolescents in numerous countries are sexually active, yet have low rates of contraceptive use. Adolescents need accurate detailed information about the level of risk of different sex acts (oral, genital and anal). Studies found that youth aged 15 to 24 were at high risk of either acquiring HIV or testing HIV-positive, yet less likely to report having been tested for HIV. Increased knowledge that HIV-positive infants can survive to adolescence is also needed so that these young people can get tested for HIV and access services. In some countries, HIV prevalence among both female and male adolescents who tested for HIV was as high as 16%. [See also Meeting the %{s:35}]
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Interventions are needed to counter gender norms, such as those which value girls’ sexual ignorance and virginity, which place girls at risk for HIV transmission. [See also %{s:57}] Studies found that gender norms valued sexual ignorance of girls and therefore girls were at risk of HIV acquisition. Some studies found that women did not know anything about HIV until they became HIV-positive. Girls are taught to surrender power to meet cultural expectations of being a good girl or good woman. Boys derive status from having multiple sexual partners.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Strategies are needed to ensure that women are able to complete their PEP regimen. One study found that travel costs and distance were factors in women not completing their PEP regimen. A meta-analysis found that adherence to PEP is poor in all settings (Chacko et al., 2012).
Addressing Violence Against Women
1 study
Interventions are needed to increase access to palliative care. Studies found that a significant proportion of patients needed palliative care, which should be integrated into home-based care.
Women and Girls
1 study
Programs should encourage male involvement in children’s treatment and orphan care. A systematic review and several studies found that fathers are often overlooked in orphan care when the mother has died.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
1 study
Providers and HIV testing counselors need training on female condoms to promote use. Studies found that providers and counselors need training in order to be able to promote female condom use.
Male and Female Condom Use
1 study
All sex workers, but particularly sex workers living with HIV, need access to information and services for contraception and dual method use. Studies found that sex workers, particularly HIV-positive sex workers, lacked access to contraceptive options and had high rates of abortion. [See also %{c:15}]
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Increased training is needed for providers to discuss sexuality and pleasure with adolescent youth who need reproductive health services. A analysis of fictional narratives written by young people aged ten to 24 concerning HIV found that young people criticized the lack of skills by providers to discuss issues of sex and pleasure as well as conceptualizing rape as a punishment for girls who do not abstain from sex.
Increasing Access to Services
1 study