Showing 21 - 40 of 48
Results for "mortality"
Results
Antiretroviral therapy initiated at CD4 counts between 350 and 550 can result in fewer serious HIV-1-related clinical events or death.
Provision and Access
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, HAART, treatment
Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Canada, Côte d'Ivoire, Europe, India, Kenya, Malawi, North America, South Africa, Thailand, United States, Zimbabwe
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Initiating cART as early as possible to achieve low viral load is optimal, improves maternal health, and reduces risk of vertical transmission. [See also %{s:39}] Note: Risk of vertical transmission rises after 28 weeks of pregnancy (7 months), so initiating ART at least by month 6 of pregnancy reduces risk (Luzuriaga and Mofenson, 2016)
Antenatal Care - Treatment
18 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
ART, CD4 cell count, CD4 counts, HAART, Ireland, Mozambiqu, infants, pregnancy, treatement, treatment, viral load
Argentina, Benin, Brazil, Cameroon, Canada, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, France, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Thailand, Uganda, Ukraine, United States, Zambia
Community-based antiretroviral therapy programs may be as effective for adherence as facility-based programs, with lower costs for both patients and services.
Adherence and Support
7 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIb
adherence, community-based care, community-based programs, treatment
Botswana, Brazil, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Peru, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Delivery
For women with HIV, there is little evaluated evidence available regarding delivery options, though research has shown that by substantially lowering viral load, HAART can diminish the advantage of a cesarean section in reducing perinatal transmission (Sharma and Spearman, 2008; Rongkavilit and Asmar, 2011; Coovadia and Newell, 2012). Cesarean sections are not always available or safe in many d...
Conducting HIV testing and counseling for women who bring their children for immunization can increase the number of women accessing testing and treatment services. [See also %{c:11} and %{c:25}]
Postpartum
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIb, V
HAART, HIV testing, PMTCT, breastfeeding, health facilities, immunization, testing, treatment
Botswana, Malawi, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda
Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Three vital components of AIDS programming for women living with HIV are ensuring safe motherhood through access to health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth; ensuring access to treatment; and ensuring access to services to prevent vertical HIV transmission. While much progress has been made in reducing vertical transmission, more could be done. A recent demographic model sh...
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among people with HIV globally, accounting for almost 25% of all HIV deaths in 2008 (WHO, 2009i). The risk of acquiring TB is 21-34 times greater among people living with HIV than in the general population. In 2010, of 8.8 million incident TB cases worldwide, 1.1 million were among people living with HIV, with an estimated 350,000 deaths (WHO, 2011f). ...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
Postpartum
Postpartum care is the most neglected aspect of maternal health, yet a time of high risk for maternal mortality. "The majority of maternal deaths occur during or immediately after childbirth; ...up to half of all newborn deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life" (WHO et al., 2011c). While many women access antenatal care, much fewer women globally have access to postnatal care. For exampl...
Decentralization and integration of HIV services may increase adherence and early access to ART. [See also %{c:25}]
Adherence and Support
7 studies
Gray
I, IIIa
Central African Republic, adherence, and Zimbabwe, health facilities, health services, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, treatment
Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
The manner in which health services are structured has an impact on HIV prevention, treatment and care services for women and girls. Women often need multiple reproductive health services such as family planning in addition to HIV prevention, treatment and care, but most health care facilities are not structured to provide integrated services. Integration can be defined broadly as 1) co-locatio...
Hepatitis
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver, most often caused by a virus. The most common types of viruses are hepatitis A, hepatitis B, hepatitis C, hepatitis D and hepatitis E. "Hepatitis A and E are typically caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water and are not known to cause chronic liver disease" (WHO, 2010c). A vaccine exists for hepatitis A and a meta-analysis of eight studies fr...
(Metzger and Navaline, 2003 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Demaan et al., 2002 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Metzger et al., 2003 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Ball et al., 1988 cited in Strathdee et al., 2006; Bruce, 2010; Roberts et al., 2010).
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
10 studies
Gray
I, IIIa, IIIb, IV
PWID, drug treatment, drug use, opioids, pregnancy, sexual partners, transmission
Australia, Europe, Malaysia, Taiwan, United States
Providing clinic services that are youth-friendly, conveniently located, affordable, confidential and non-judgmental, can increase use of clinic reproductive health services, including HIV testing and counseling and treatment services
Increasing Access to Services
7 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, South Africa and Swaziland, Zimbabw, adolescents, health services, mass media, providers, support, treatment, youth
Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Integrating CD4 count service with voluntary counseling and testing or primary health clinics can accelerate initiation of treatment.
Provision and Access
4 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIb
CD4 count, CD4 counts, HIV testing, and Zimbabwe, health facilities, treament, treatment
Cameroon, Mozambique, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda
Providing treatment support and literacy, including by HIV-positive peers and by providers, can increase adherence.
Adherence and Support
4 studies
Gray
IIIb, V
adherence, counseling, literacy, support, support groups, treatment, treatment literacy
Indonesia, Mozambique, Swaziland, Thailand
Preventing unintended pregnancies can reduce perinatal transmission.* [See also %{c:15}]
Preventing Unintended Pregnancies
4 studies
Gray
V
PMTCT, contraception, family planning, pregnancy, treatment
Botswana, Cameroon, Côte d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti and Vietnam, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
