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Showing 21 - 40 of 98 Results for "stigma"

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Providers need training on meeting the contraceptive needs of women and couples with HIV, including providing non-directive, informed choice counseling and reducing stigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. [See %{c:15}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Screening for TB during routine antenatal care in high HIV prevalent settings may result in increased TB detection rates in women and is acceptable to most women, although stigma may be a barrier. [See %{s:51}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Health care settings must address the needs of transgender people and reduce barriers to services. One study found that transgender women reported stigma, discrimination and violations of confidentiality by providers.
Transgender Women and Men
1 study
Providers need training on meeting the contraceptive needs of women and couples with HIV, including providing non-directive, informed choice counseling and reducing stigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. [See %{c:15}]
Preventing Unintended Pregnancies
1 study
Strategies, including legal strategies, are needed to empower pregnant women living with HIV to ask questions, be properly informed and to challenge stigma, disrespect and abuse. [See also %{s:67}] Consequences for violating patient confidentiality, redress for women with HIV facing discrimination in facilities, and stigma reduction efforts are needed to increase adherence to cART, prior to, during and post pregnancy, including training for providers.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
1 study
Repealing laws, policies and practices that criminalize same-sex sexual activity and exacerbate stigma and discrimination against LGBT communities can promote greater access to HIV prevention, treatment and care among MSM and, more broadly, LGBT communities.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
2 studies Gray IV, V MSM, criminal law, stigma and discrimination
Efforts are needed to implement and research interventions to alleviate stigma and discrimination on the basis of HIV status, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, sex work and drug use in the health care sector, social services, police and the judiciary. [See %{s:67} and %{c:7}]
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Expansion and scaling up of interventions promoting economic opportunities for women are needed to increase their ability to refuse unsafe sex and reduce stigma for women living with HIV. Studies found that lack of income, food and jobs forced women to sell sex to survive, placing them at risk of HIV acquisition.
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
1 study
Efforts are needed to educate youth about sexual diversity in order to reduce stigma and discrimination. One study found that in no country in Latin America or the Caribbean was there any school-based sexuality initiatives that discussed sexual diversity. Current efforts are underway by Promundo (Greene, 2012b).
Transgender Women and Men
1 study
Strategies need to be identified to empower women to create demand for improved maternal health services and challenge violations of their rights in facility-based childbirth. This is a particularly acute need for women living with HIV. Studies show that HIV-related stigma may reduce the likelihood of delivering in a health facility
Antenatal Care - Treatment
1 study
Stigma reduction interventions are needed so that women with HIV can choose replacement feeding, breastfeeding and weaning schedules. Studies found that HIV-positive women feared that if they used infant formula or abruptly weaned, they would be stigmatized for their HIV-positive serostatus.
Postpartum
1 study
Interventions are needed for adolescents to reduce acceptance of gender-based violence and stigma against people living with HIV. A study found high rates of stigma among adolescent girls. A nationally representative survey of youth in Tanzania found high rates of acceptance for a husband to beat his wife if she goes out without telling him; argues with him; burns food; or refuses to have sex with him. In 35% of countries with data available, more than 50% of women and men report discriminatory attitudes toward people living with HIV (UNAIDS, 2015e).
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Providers need training on meeting the contraceptive needs of women and couples with HIV, including providing non-directive, informed choice counseling and reducing stigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. [See also %{s:67}] Studies found that HIV-positive women were required to wait in separate waiting rooms and that because provider bias limited contraceptive options, providers needed additional training on the full range of contraceptive options. Other studies showed that providers have inaccurate knowledge concerning HIV and contraception.
Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV
1 study
Interventions are needed to ensure that stigma from health care workers does not discourage HIV-positive women from giving birth in safer settings. [See also %{s:67}] Studies found that HIV-positive women experienced discrimination by providers in ANC services or did not attend ANC services due to fear of mistreatment by health providers.
Delivery
1 study
Laws and practices that obstruct adolescents’ access to services, such as parental consent requirements, age, and marital status requirements, must be aligned with the actual behavior of adolescents. Studies found that legal requirements restricted adolescents from getting tested for HIV even if they were sexually active and at risk for HIV. "There is a strong evidence base that the stigma, discrimination and criminalization affecting adolescent key populations aged 10 to 17 is intensified due to domestic and international legal constructs that rely on law-enforcement based interventions dependent upon arrests, pre-trial detention, incarceration and compulsory ‘rehabilitation’ in institutional placements," particularly among adolescents who sell sex or inject drugs (Conner, 2015: para 1).
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Further interventions are needed to provide support (physical, psychological, technological, economic) to patients and caregivers. Studies showed that patients and caregivers have many physical, psychological, and economic unmet needs, with high rates of depression and poverty, and in some cases, rely on their young children or relatives to provide care with no outside support. Some studies show that caregivers suffer from stigma attached to caring for someone HIV-positive. [See also %{s:67}] Some studies showed that women have a lower quality of life than men. A study in a high HIV prevalence area showed that for women, lack of control in sexual decision-making was associated with depression, while for men, intergenerational sex was associated with depression.
Women and Girls
1 study
Interventions are needed to provide women and their partners with a better understanding of the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual practices as well as through injecting drug use (IOM, 2007). Studies found low rates of condom use despite sexual relationships with IDUs, lack of knowledge by IDUs on sexual and reproductive health and lack of access to clean needles. A study also found that many MSM and male intravenous drug users avoid disclosure of their sexual and drug risk behavior along with their HIV status due to stigma and gender norms and that most wives reported violence and little or no condom use. HIV-positive male IDUs want help with disclosure to their wives. Most wives of IDUs reported only a single lifetime sexual partner and only a tiny proportion reported injecting drug use.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Barriers such as cost of medications, stigma, long clinic waits, lack of food, and child-care responsibilities, among others, may discourage women living with HIV from accessing antiretroviral therapy. A study found that patients who were living with HIV but did not access antiretroviral therapy were twice as likely as patients on antiretroviral therapy to report not having enough food to take with treatment as a concern, in addition to concerns about cost barriers. Another study found that cost of ARVs, with direct out of pocket payment at point of care delivery decreased access to ARVs. Another study found transport costs and waiting time a barrier to access to treatment. Increased efforts are needed so that those in pre-ART care understand that HIV can be transmitted prior to ART eligibility.
Provision and Access
1 study
Interventions are needed to reduce barriers to treatment adherence and to understand how these differ by sex. Increased research is needed to understand the most effective strategies to increase adherence. Studies found that a number of barriers that impact treatment adherence, such as violence, stigma, transport costs, childcare, forced migration, the need for food, the need to hide their medication from their male partners and changes in body image. Screening and treatment for depression may improve adherence, although some studies have shown mixed results. A review found that adherence differs by sex, but with little disaggregation for which factors affect women. Data collection should be more nuanced and not assume that women fall into static groups. A study of people living with HIV who disengaged from ART found that harsh and disrespectful treatment by providers, as well as competing work and livelihood demands, lack of funds for transport, etc. made attendance at ART clinics challenging.
Adherence and Support
1 study
Interventions are needed for male involvement that do not such reinforce harmful gender norms or increase risk for violence, stigma or discrimination. “Evidence for effectiveness of male involvement in PMTCT programs is scant” (Beckham et al., 2015: 67). One study only evaluated male involvement as accompanying their pregnant partner to ANC care with no HIV related outcomes listed and tasking the woman to require her male partner to come to ANC (Nyondo et al., 2015). Most approaches only reach men through their pregnant spouse, with no services for men beyond HIV testing and use men as an instrument solely to increase access to services by women. Men have been denied involvement in antenatal care, birth and delivery even if the couple so chooses.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
1 study