Showing 21 - 40 of 50 Results for "transmission"

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Women, especially married women, ongoing education about the role of condoms in preventing HIV acquisition and transmission, along with condom negotiation skills. A study found that women did not believe that condoms reduce the risk of HIV transmission. Another study found that married women of alcoholic men are aware of risks of contracting HIV from their husbands but reported difficulty in negotiating condom use as well as violence.
Male and Female Condom Use
1 study
While treatment of all STIs can improve everyone’s health and well-being, further interventions are needed to screen and treat ulcerative STIs, which have the most impact on HIV susceptibility and transmission. Studies have found however, that, to date, regimens to suppress genital herpes and other STIs have not been effective in reducing HSV transmission.
Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)
1 study
In some settings, repeat testing of HIV-negative women during pregnancy is warranted. One study found that acute infection resulted in high rates of vertical transmission. Another study found that of 750 consecutive pregnant women, with an HIV prevalence of 37.3%, 0.9% of women were acutely infected and thus at a high risk of vertical transmission. HIV RNA assays to detect acute infection are very costly (US$1,313) and have not been used routinely in resource-limited settings.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
A combination of infection control strategies may significantly reduce the rate of TB transmission, including drug-resistant TB, in high-risk, low-resourced health care settings. A mathematical model was created to simulate TB transmission in high TB/HIV prevalent settings. The model showed that masks alone would prevent 10% of new transmission in an overall epidemic, but could prevent a large proportion of XDR-TB cases among hospital staff. The combination of mask and reduced hospitalization with a shift to outpatient treatment could prevent nearly one-third of XDR-TB cases. Approximately 48% of XDR-TB cases could be averted by the end of 2012, if a combination of mask, reduced hospitalization with shift to outpatient treatment, improved ventilation, rapid drug resistance testing, HIV treatment and TB isolation facilities for highly infectious patients were implemented.
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Providers and those living with HIV need accurate information on how HIV is transmitted and how most effectively to reduce the likelihood of transmission among serodiscordant couples or between those who do not know their sero-status, including those who wish to become pregnant. [See %{s:33}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Additional efforts are needed to provide postpartum women with contraception information and methods so they may space or prevent their next pregnancy and use condoms to reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission upon resumption of sexual activity. [See %{s:49} and %{c:15}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Prevention and treatment information and services are needed for women and young people in crises-affected settings, particularly at the end of an armed conflict. Studies found low levels of HIV knowledge and condom use among IDPs. End of war may increase HIV transmission. Issues concerning HIV should be included in resettlement plans.
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
1 study
Clear policies and legislation supporting access to information and sexuality education are needed to reduce the risk of HIV transmission among young people. Studies found that sex education was lacking, particularly among street children who are at high risk of HIV acquisition.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Strengthened post-test counseling for those who test HIV positive must explain who is eligible for treatment; the importance of treatment and reducing transmission; and where to access treatment. A study found that women who tested positive did not know about treatment nor where to go to access treatment.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
1 study
Further efforts are needed to educate families about HIV transmission so that infants are not abandoned. [See also %{s:73}] A study found that families forced HIV-positive women to abandon their infants due to erroneous fears that the infants could transmit HIV.
Postpartum
1 study
Further efforts are needed to determine the optimal frequency of testing in order to minimize HIV transmission in a cost-effective way. In some settings, testing for acute infection is warranted which would require testing every three to six months. A study found that 12% of women and 10% of women who had reported testing HIV-negative were found to be seropositive one to two years later. Modeling studies have found that screening one time, annually, can be cost-effective and that yearly testing in a high incidence area found that potential high-risk transmission with high viral load could be reduced by yearly HIV testing.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
1 study
Women and their sexual partners need access to comprehensive pre-conception care so they can make informed decisions about pregnancy before conception. Studies found that HIV-positive women could not access pre-conception advice on safer pregnancy options, as health providers discouraged pregnancy. Studies found that significant numbers of pregnant women did not know any way to prevent vertical transmission and face dilemmas with balancing the desire for children with fear of risking acquiring HIV or transmitting HIV to their partner or infant. Studies also showed that women did not understand the relationship between high CD4 counts and reducing the risk of HIV transmission.
Pre-Conception
1 study
Interventions for pregnant women and their partners to stay HIV-negative or reduce HIV transmission are needed. [See also %{c:11} and %{c:13}] Pregnancy is a time of high risk for HIV acquisition. Home-based partner education for couples with no reports of interpersonal violence may be more effective than clinic based interventions, especially when women can opt-out of disclosing their sero-status. A systematic review found that incident infection (i.e. recently acquired during pregnancy) resulted in up to a 15-fold higher risk of vertical transmission.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
1 study
Interventions are needed to inform women who use drugs of harm reduction early in pregnancy and to ensure systematic access to opioid agonist treatment during pregnancy and in hospitals for birth and postpartum. Some studies have shown increased risk adverse health impacts as well as of vertical transmission among women who use drugs which may be mitigated by harm reduction [See %{s:45}]
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Interventions in both sending and receiving countries are needed for migrant women and female partners of male migrants who are at high risk of HIV acquisition. Studies found that migrants, and female partners of male migrants, are often at high risk of HIV acquisition yet do not have basic facts concerning HIV transmission nor use condoms.
Migrant Women and Female Partners of Male Migrants
1 study
Increased links are needed for women who access treatment to receive counseling concerning desired children and contraception. [See also Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living with HIV and Safe Motherhood and the Prevention of Vertical Transmission] A study with patients from multiple sites in sub-Saharan Africa found that within four years of follow up for 4,531 women, one-third experienced a pregnancy.
Provision and Access
1 study
Multiple strategies are needed to promote male involvement in ways that meet pregnant women’s needs. Studies found that some women found their partners’ involvement controlling and/or violent and other women wanted more autonomy in health decision-making. Studies also found men lacked information on vertical transmission and felt excluded from PMTCT programs. Other studies found that women indicated that they could not discuss their HIV serostatus with their husbands.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Interventions are needed to scale up CD4 count screening, especially for pregnant women. A study found that several barriers limited CD4 cell count screening in rural areas, including “availability of laboratories equipped to perform CD4 cell count enumeration, reagent stockouts, and lack of sample transport systems” (Carter et al., 2010: 408). For mothers with CD4 counts above 500, there may be a low risk of HIV transmission through breastfeeding, though further research is necessary.
Postpartum
1 study
Additional efforts are needed to provide postpartum women with contraception information and methods so they may space or prevent their next pregnancy and use condoms to reduce the likelihood of HIV transmission upon resumption of sexual activity. [See also %{c:15}] Studies found that women were not given contraceptive counseling or contraceptives postpartum and that transport costs restricted their ability to gain access to their contraceptive method of choice. Studies also found an unmet need for postpartum contraception among women living with HIV. Studies found that sexuality and condom use need to be addressed when sexual activity resumes postpartum. Family planning services are most often not provided postpartum in PMTCT programs. Providers and women did not know that clinically well HIV-positive women can use IUDs. Women lacked the full range of available contraception. No study to date has measured pregnancy intention prospectively in an HIV-discordant couple cohort and measured the effect of desired pregnancy on HIV transmission.
Postpartum
1 study
A combination of infection control strategies is needed to reduce the rate of TB transmission, especially in high-risk, low-resourced health care settings. [See %{c:25}] “Early initiation of ART will significantly reduce TB incidence among people on ART, but additional interventions such as screening for TB using highly sensitive tools, preventative therapy, nutrition interventions, anemia, and poverty reduction may be needed to further reduce the burden of TB among people on ART” (Van Rie et al., 2011: 354). A study found that nutrition supplementation may increase patient survival and decrease the recurrence of TB among people living with HIV.
Tuberculosis
1 study