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Community organizing and mobilization, including "know your rights" initiatives and engagement with customary leaders, can help women claim their legal rights and minimize the impact and further spread of HIV.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
12 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV, V
community organizing, drug use, legal rights, peer education, peer support, property rights, sex work, training
India, Indonesia, Kenya, Malawi, South Africa, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Postpartum
Postpartum care is the most neglected aspect of maternal health, yet a time of high risk for maternal mortality. "The majority of maternal deaths occur during or immediately after childbirth; ...up to half of all newborn deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life" (WHO et al., 2011c). While many women access antenatal care, much fewer women globally have access to postnatal care. For exampl...
Promoting Women’s Leadership
Strengthening womens rights and health NGOs and supporting women leaders who can mobilize in-country efforts in the interests of women and girls affected by HIV is critical. "...It is not enough for programmes and strategies to be designed on behalf of those living with AIDS; we have much to learn from their experiences, and how they struggle to negotiate being positive and maintaining sex live...
Support to voluntarily disclose positive serostatus, along with ongoing support, increases HIV-positive women’s ability to cope and reduces perceived stigma in the community. [See also %{s:31} & %{s:71}]
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
3 studies
Gray
IV
disclosure, discrimination, stigma, widows
Australia, Botswana, India, Kenya, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Community-based interventions (including media) that provide accurate information about HIV transmission can significantly reduce HIV stigma and discrimination.
Reducing Stigma and Discrimination
7 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, IV
HIV testing, discrimination, education, knowledge, mass media, microfinance, stigma
China, Ghana, Malawi, Nigeria, Thailand, Vietnam
Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Three vital components of AIDS programming for women living with HIV are ensuring safe motherhood through access to health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth; ensuring access to treatment; and ensuring access to services to prevent vertical HIV transmission. While much progress has been made in reducing vertical transmission, more could be done. A recent demographic model sh...
Adherence and Support
"I'm 18 years, you are telling me drugs for life?" --Woman living with HIV in Uganda (Hsieh, 2013: 11)Treatment adherence is necessary to continually suppress the virus. Adherence to ART leads to better virological outcomes, prevents disease progression and improves survival (Nachega et al., 2010a; Nachega et al., 2010c). Conversely, inadequate adherence leads to drug resistance, which can then...
Increasing educational attainment can help reduce HIV risk among girls.
Advancing Education
12 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIb, IV, V
HIV testing, Lao PDR, abstinence, condom use, condoms, counseling, education, income, protective behavior, risk behavior, self-perception, sex behavior, sexual behavior, sexual partners, youth
Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Ethiopia, Ghana, India, Malawi, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Advancing Education
Increasing girls' access to education is critical to combating the AIDS pandemic. "There is a well-established protective effect of schooling on HIV risk" (Pettifor et al., 2008a; Hargreaves et al., 2008a; Jukes et al., 2008 cited in Pettifor et al., 2012a: 1). Education of girls is associated with delayed marriage and childbearing, lower fertility, healthier babies, and increased earning poten...
Integrating legal education and services into health care settings can help ensure that women are able to secure their rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IV, V
HIV-related discrimination, legal assistance, people who use drugs, post-exposure prophylaxis, property rights, rape, violence against women, wills
Kenya, Ukraine, Zambia
Increasing couple communication about HIV risk can increase preventive behaviors, including condom use.
Male and Female Condom Use
4 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV, V
communication, condoms, marriage, sexual partners
India, Malawi, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda
Adults in resource-poor settings, including key populations such as sex workers, have achieved good adherence to antiretroviral therapy with results similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries.
Adherence and Support
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
El Salvador, adherence, treatment
Argentina, Benin, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Canada, Dominican Republic, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Russia, Rwanda, Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand, United States, Vietnam, Zimbabwe
Providing peer support, information and skills-building support to people living with HIV can reduce unprotected sex.
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
7 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb, V
condom use, counseling, sex behavior, sexual partners, support, support groups, treatment, violence
Ethiopia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, United States, Zambia
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Pre-Conception
Although many women do not learn their HIV status until they become pregnant, for those women who know they are HIV-positive prior to choosing to become pregnant, pre-conception assessments may inform both her and her partner of the safest way to become pregnant without HIV transmission to the infant or HIV transmission between serodiscordant couples. Therefore, throughout their reproductive ye...
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Training, peer and partner discussions, and community-based education that questions harmful gender norms can improve HIV prevention, testing, treatment and care.
Transforming Gender Norms
6 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
STIs, behavior change communication, condom use, condoms, gender equity, gender norms, gender relations, men, peer education, sex behavior, sexual partners, violence, workplace
Botswana, Brazil, India, South Africa, Tanzania
