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Results for "support groups"
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Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
Pre-Conception
Although many women do not learn their HIV status until they become pregnant, for those women who know they are HIV-positive prior to choosing to become pregnant, pre-conception assessments may inform both her and her partner of the safest way to become pregnant without HIV transmission to the infant or HIV transmission between serodiscordant couples. Therefore, throughout their reproductive ye...
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Antenatal Care - Treatment
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for women living with HIV is vital to ensuring safe motherhood and reducing vertical transmission. But not all pregnant women access treatment. For women in high-income countries where access to triple therapy during pregnancy has been the standard of care and is near universal, rates of vertical HIV transmission are as low as 0.4%, for example, in Canada (Forbes ...
Providing clinic services that are youth-friendly, conveniently located, affordable, confidential and non-judgmental, can increase use of clinic reproductive health services, including HIV testing and counseling and treatment services
Increasing Access to Services
7 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, South Africa and Swaziland, Zimbabw, adolescents, health services, mass media, providers, support, treatment, youth
Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Integrating HIV services with family planning, maternal health care or within primary care facilities can increase uptake of HIV testing and treatment and other reproductive health services. [See also %{s:45}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
9 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, IV
CD4 counts, HAART, HIV testing, TB, abortion, condom use, contraception, family planning, health facilities, pregnancy, testing, treatment
Cambodia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia
Delivery
For women with HIV, there is little evaluated evidence available regarding delivery options, though research has shown that by substantially lowering viral load, HAART can diminish the advantage of a cesarean section in reducing perinatal transmission (Sharma and Spearman, 2008; Rongkavilit and Asmar, 2011; Coovadia and Newell, 2012). Cesarean sections are not always available or safe in many d...
Advancing Education
Increasing girls' access to education is critical to combating the AIDS pandemic. "There is a well-established protective effect of schooling on HIV risk" (Pettifor et al., 2008a; Hargreaves et al., 2008a; Jukes et al., 2008 cited in Pettifor et al., 2012a: 1). Education of girls is associated with delayed marriage and childbearing, lower fertility, healthier babies, and increased earning poten...
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the infant’s life with a gradual decrease in breastfeeding results in lower rates of HIV transmission to the infant, reduced infant mortality, and improved infant growth compared to mixed feeding or abrupt weaning. Where clean accessible water is not available, breastfeeding after six months reduces infant mortality.
Postpartum
12 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, PMTCT, breastfeeding, breastfeeding PMTCT, formula feeding, infant feeding, mixed feeding, treatment
Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
Knowing ones HIV serostatus is the first step in getting the appropriate treatment and care. According to UNAIDS, fewer than 40% of those living with HIV are aware of their serostatus (UNAIDS, 2010c). In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, more than 80% of people living with HIV do not know their positive serostatus (Anand et al., 2009). Global consensus exists that greater knowledge of HIV status is ...
Male and Female Condom Use
The role of condom use in prevention of sexual transmission of HIV is clear. According to the WHO and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, male condoms that are intact are essentially impermeable to even the smallest sexually transmitted virus (UNAIDS, 2004). The effectiveness of male condoms has been shown to be between 8095 percent, depending on how correctly they are used (Weller and Davi...
Comprehensive harm reduction programs, including needle exchange programs, condom distribution, agonist therapy and outreach, and nonjudgmental risk reduction counseling can reduce HIV risk behaviors and prevalence among PWID.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
10 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, PWID, PWID drug treatment, condom use, counseling, drug treatment, drug use, harm reduction, health education, needle distribution, needle exchange, needles
Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, Nepal, Russia, United States
Routinely offered testing that is voluntary and accompanied by counseling is acceptable to most women.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
9 studies
Gray
II, IIIb, IV, V
HIV testing, PMTCT, antenatal care, pregnancy
Botswana, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Europe, Hong Kong, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered with good adherence, good patient retention, and good clinical outcomes in resource-poor settings, including humanitarian settings, with increased patient survival; results have been similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries.
Provision and Access
15 studies
Gray
I, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, HAART, Jamaica, Mali, South America, conflict, displaced persons, life expectancy, treatment
Africa, Angola, Asia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Europe, Ghana, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, North America, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Community or school-based HIV education can reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards those living with HIV
Mitigating Risk
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
Lao PDR, adolescents, communication, education, knowledge, self-perception, sex education, sexual behavior, stigma
China, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda
