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Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
"Me, I try to tell the man that, 'In this house we have been found with this problem. We should accept it. I should not point a finger at you. You, too, should not point a finger at me. Just buy your protection.' And so, little by little what he does now is different from what he did in the past." --Malawi woman living with HIV (Mkandawire-Valhmu and Stephens, 2010: 691)Successfully treated peo...
Increased employment opportunities, microfinance, or small-scale income-generating activities can reduce behavior that increases HIV risk, particularly among young people.*
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
4 studies
Gray
II, IIIb
HIV testing, Republic of Congo, condoms, employment, microfinance, risk behavior, sex behavior, training programs, youth
Haiti, South Africa
Male and Female Condom Use
The role of condom use in prevention of sexual transmission of HIV is clear. According to the WHO and the U.S. National Institutes of Health, male condoms that are intact are essentially impermeable to even the smallest sexually transmitted virus (UNAIDS, 2004). The effectiveness of male condoms has been shown to be between 8095 percent, depending on how correctly they are used (Weller and Davi...
Preventing Unintended Pregnancies
Reducing unmet need for family planning so that all women who do not want to become pregnant now or in the future have access to contraception could have a significant effect on preventing perinatal transmission of HIV -- in part because many women do not know their HIV status. "Increasing voluntary contraceptive use had been an underused approach, despite clear evidence that preventing pregnan...
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
Women's economic dependence on men and unequal access to resources, including land and income-generating opportunities, increases the likelihood of women and girls engaging in a variety of unsafe sexual behaviors including transactional sex, coerced sex, earlier sexual debut, and multiple sexual partners, and thus increases their risk of becoming infected with HIV (Gillespie and Kadiyala, 2005)...
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Prevention for Key Affected Populations
Some women are particularly at risk of HIV acquisition due to their occupational exposures, their behavior or that of their sexual partner(s), their sexual identity and/or their sexual orientation. These women live in particularly challenging situations and have high vulnerability to HIV infection and low access to HIV services (Beyrer et al., 2011). UNAIDS defines key populations as those most...
Providing HIV testing and counseling together with other health services can increase the number of people accessing HIV testing and counseling. [See also %{c:25}]
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
4 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, condoms, contraception, counseling, family planning, health facilities, sexually transmitted infections
Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, South Africa
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
Knowing ones HIV serostatus is the first step in getting the appropriate treatment and care. According to UNAIDS, fewer than 40% of those living with HIV are aware of their serostatus (UNAIDS, 2010c). In parts of sub-Saharan Africa, more than 80% of people living with HIV do not know their positive serostatus (Anand et al., 2009). Global consensus exists that greater knowledge of HIV status is ...
Treatment as Prevention
Antiretroviral medication has been successfully used in a number of ways: first and foremost to treat those with high viral load and diminishing CD4 counts; secondly to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from pregnant and breastfeeding women to their infants; third, as a prophylactic for those who have been exposed to HIV occupationally or through sexual assault (post-exposure prophylaxis, PE...
Comprehensive prevention programs that include components such as peer education, medical services, and support groups, can be effective in enabling sex workers to adopt safer sex practices.
Female Sex Workers
5 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, STIs, community organizing, community outreach, condom use, condoms, peer education, risk reduction, sex workers
China, India
Adherence and Support
"I'm 18 years, you are telling me drugs for life?" --Woman living with HIV in Uganda (Hsieh, 2013: 11)Treatment adherence is necessary to continually suppress the virus. Adherence to ART leads to better virological outcomes, prevents disease progression and improves survival (Nachega et al., 2010a; Nachega et al., 2010c). Conversely, inadequate adherence leads to drug resistance, which can then...
Early postpartum visits, especially with on-site contraceptive services, can result in increased condom use, contraceptive use, HIV testing and treatment.
Postpartum
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb
DMPA, HIV testing, PMTCT, condom use, contraception, counseling, family planning, pregnancy
Côte d’Ivoire, Kenya, Russia, Rwanda, Swaziland
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Clinic-based interventions with outreach workers can be effective in increasing condom use and HIV testing among sex workers.
Female Sex Workers
5 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
HIV testing, STIs, community outreach, condom use, contraception, sex behavior, sex workers, sexually transmitted infections
Brazil, China, Guatemala, Mexico, Mozambique
Providing clinic services that are youth-friendly, conveniently located, affordable, confidential and non-judgmental, can increase use of clinic reproductive health services, including HIV testing and counseling and treatment services
Increasing Access to Services
7 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, South Africa and Swaziland, Zimbabw, adolescents, health services, mass media, providers, support, treatment, youth
Botswana, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mozambique, Rwanda, Tanzania, Uganda, Zimbabwe
