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Results for "stigma"
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Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
"Me, I try to tell the man that, 'In this house we have been found with this problem. We should accept it. I should not point a finger at you. You, too, should not point a finger at me. Just buy your protection.' And so, little by little what he does now is different from what he did in the past." --Malawi woman living with HIV (Mkandawire-Valhmu and Stephens, 2010: 691)Successfully treated peo...
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
*Respecting, protecting and fulfilling womens rights, particularly the rights of the most marginalized women, is increasingly understood as fundamental to an effective HIV response. Laws reflecting unequal gender norms that discriminate against women may limit their ability to protect themselves from HIV infection. In many countries where women are most at risk for acquiring HIV, laws to protec...
Transforming Gender Norms
Gender norms stand in the way of reducing HIV; indeed, a recent study states that, "The global HIV pandemic in its current form cannot be effectively arrested without fundamental transformation of gender norms" (Dunkle and Jewkes, 2007: 173). As former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton stated: "Achieving our objectives for global development will demand accelerated efforts to achieve gend...
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Antenatal Care - Treatment
Antiretroviral treatment (ART) for women living with HIV is vital to ensuring safe motherhood and reducing vertical transmission. But not all pregnant women access treatment. For women in high-income countries where access to triple therapy during pregnancy has been the standard of care and is near universal, rates of vertical HIV transmission are as low as 0.4%, for example, in Canada (Forbes ...
Community outreach and mobilization can increase uptake of HIV testing and counseling by reaching clients who may not present at a hospital or clinic.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
8 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb, IV
HIV testing, adolescents, community, community outreach, community-based testing, counseling, couples, health facilities, malaria, support groups, tuberculosis
Indonesia, Kenya, South Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Counseling improves adherence.
Adherence and Support
6 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa
adherence, and Zambia, community, community health workers, counseling, health care providers, support, treatment
Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Kenya, Lesotho, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania
Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Three vital components of AIDS programming for women living with HIV are ensuring safe motherhood through access to health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth; ensuring access to treatment; and ensuring access to services to prevent vertical HIV transmission. While much progress has been made in reducing vertical transmission, more could be done. A recent demographic model sh...
Decentralization and integration of HIV services may increase adherence and early access to ART. [See also %{c:25}]
Adherence and Support
7 studies
Gray
I, IIIa
Central African Republic, adherence, and Zimbabwe, health facilities, health services, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, the Republic of the Congo, treatment
Cambodia, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia
Prevention for Women
In this era of great strides forward in treatment, it is important not to lose sight of the continued need to undertake a range of interventions to prevent HIV transmission. An estimated 2.7 million people newly acquired HIV infection in 2010, as they did for each of the years 2009, 2008 and 2007, down from 3.1 million people in 2002 (WHO et al., 2011b). However, even with all this encouraging ...
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
Despite injecting drug use being a main driver of the HIV epidemic in many parts of the world, evaluated tailored responses for women who use drugs or for female sexual partners of men who use drugs have not matched the needs of this population. Injecting drug use is globally widespread and the main driver of the HIV epidemic in some parts of the world. Approximately 16 million people in 148 co...
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among people with HIV globally, accounting for almost 25% of all HIV deaths in 2008 (WHO, 2009i). The risk of acquiring TB is 21-34 times greater among people living with HIV than in the general population. In 2010, of 8.8 million incident TB cases worldwide, 1.1 million were among people living with HIV, with an estimated 350,000 deaths (WHO, 2011f). ...
Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People
The interventions in this section should also be viewed in conjunction with other topics where young women are included. Studies with adolescent-specific data are also included in the following sections: %{c:5}; %{c:7}; %{c:11}; %{c:13}; %{c:17}; %{c:21}; and %{c:23}.
HIV among adolescents is a growing concern. UNAIDS notes that adolescent girls and young women are a key population in danger o...
Mitigating Risk
Young People Need Information
"I want to know if I can have a boyfriend because every time I ask my mum she tells me not to. I would also love to learn about safe sex and safe motherhood (14 year old adolescent girl living with HIV, Zambia cited in Mburu et al., 2013).
A review of the global literature on adolescents found that "there is a significant unmet need for information, education, an...
Viral suppression with ARV therapy can minimize the risk of HIV transmission and improve health.
Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission
12 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, and Zimbabwe, condom use, prevention, seroconversion, serodiscordant, sex behavior, the United States of America, treatment, viral load
Australia, Botswana, Brazil, China, Côte d'Ivoire, India, Italy, Kenya, Malawi, Rwanda, South Africa, Spain, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, United States, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the infant’s life with a gradual decrease in breastfeeding results in lower rates of HIV transmission to the infant, reduced infant mortality, and improved infant growth compared to mixed feeding or abrupt weaning. Where clean accessible water is not available, breastfeeding after six months reduces infant mortality.
Postpartum
12 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, PMTCT, breastfeeding, breastfeeding PMTCT, formula feeding, infant feeding, mixed feeding, treatment
Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV
Given that most HIV transmission occurs through sexual intercourse, it is critical to include a sexual and reproductive health lens in HIV programming. In fact, several European governments have recently revised their international policies, recognizing that HIV/AIDS is a sexual and reproductive health issue (Germain et al., 2009).
All women have the right to decide freely and responsibly on t...
