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Results for "support"
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Addressing Violence Against Women
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Provision and Access
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered in a range of situations with adherence, retention, and clinical outcomes similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries. Increasing provision and access, grounded in human rights based approaches, across all populations is critical to continuing that success.
"I cook scones for my children and do not get tired. I do chores, pound...
Antiretroviral therapy has been successfully administered with good adherence, good patient retention, and good clinical outcomes in resource-poor settings, including humanitarian settings, with increased patient survival; results have been similar to those achieved in resource-rich countries.
Provision and Access
15 studies
Gray
I, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, HAART, Jamaica, Mali, South America, conflict, displaced persons, life expectancy, treatment
Africa, Angola, Asia, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, Europe, Ghana, Haiti, India, Kenya, Malawi, Mozambique, Myanmar, Nigeria, North America, Rwanda, Senegal, South Africa, Sudan, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the infant’s life with a gradual decrease in breastfeeding results in lower rates of HIV transmission to the infant, reduced infant mortality, and improved infant growth compared to mixed feeding or abrupt weaning. Where clean accessible water is not available, breastfeeding after six months reduces infant mortality.
Postpartum
12 studies
Gray
II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 counts, PMTCT, breastfeeding, breastfeeding PMTCT, formula feeding, infant feeding, mixed feeding, treatment
Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
In 2007, only an estimated 18% of pregnant women were offered HIV tests (ITPC, 2009). "The purpose of antenatal VCT should be to help a woman prepare for a possible positive HIV diagnosis [and] to provide her with information about PMTCT options" (De Bruyn and Paxton, 2005: 145). In developing country settings, between eight and ten percent of women report having received PMTCT interventions (P...
Postpartum
Postpartum care is the most neglected aspect of maternal health, yet a time of high risk for maternal mortality. "The majority of maternal deaths occur during or immediately after childbirth; ...up to half of all newborn deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life" (WHO et al., 2011c). While many women access antenatal care, much fewer women globally have access to postnatal care. For exampl...
Treatment
Antiretroviral therapy has transformed HIV to a chronic - though still incurable - virus requiring ongoing therapy and strict adherence to treatment. For the most part, virally suppressed people living with HIV today have no difference in life expectancy than demographically similar HIV-negative individuals (Sabin, 2013 cited in Justice and Falutz, 2014; Maman et al. 2012a).
This section does ...
Integrating HIV services with family planning, maternal health care or within primary care facilities can increase uptake of HIV testing and treatment and other reproductive health services. [See also %{s:45}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
9 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, IV
CD4 counts, HAART, HIV testing, TB, abortion, condom use, contraception, family planning, health facilities, pregnancy, testing, treatment
Cambodia, Kenya, Mozambique, Nigeria, South Africa, Tanzania, Zambia
Treatment as Prevention
Antiretroviral medication has been successfully used in a number of ways: first and foremost to treat those with high viral load and diminishing CD4 counts; secondly to prevent vertical transmission of HIV from pregnant and breastfeeding women to their infants; third, as a prophylactic for those who have been exposed to HIV occupationally or through sexual assault (post-exposure prophylaxis, PE...
Clinic-based interventions with outreach workers can be effective in increasing condom use and HIV testing among sex workers.
Female Sex Workers
5 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
HIV testing, STIs, community outreach, condom use, contraception, sex behavior, sex workers, sexually transmitted infections
Brazil, China, Guatemala, Mexico, Mozambique
Community or school-based HIV education can reduce stigmatizing attitudes towards those living with HIV
Mitigating Risk
6 studies
Gray
IIIa, IIIb, V
Lao PDR, adolescents, communication, education, knowledge, self-perception, sex education, sexual behavior, stigma
China, South Africa, Thailand, Uganda
Providing HIV testing and counseling together with other health services can increase the number of people accessing HIV testing and counseling. [See also %{c:25}]
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
4 studies
Gray
IIIb, IV
HIV testing, STIs, condoms, contraception, counseling, family planning, health facilities, sexually transmitted infections
Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, South Africa
Female Sex Workers
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Early initiation of antiretroviral therapy results in improved quality of life and reduced mortality.
Provision and Access
12 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
CD4 count, CD4 counts, Czech Republic, Mali, Morocco, TB, Thailand and Uganda, and Zimbabwe, mortality rates, preventive therapy, quality of life, treatment, tuberculosis
Argentina, Australia, Botswana, Brazil, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Estonia, Europe, Haiti, India, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Poland, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Thailand, USA, Uganda
Isoniazid preventative therapy can reduce the incidence of active TB and increase survival among people living with HIV.
Tuberculosis
7 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
TB, antiretrovirals, co-infection, screening, treatment
Botswana, Brazil, South Africa, Tanzania
Comprehensive harm reduction programs, including needle exchange programs, condom distribution, agonist therapy and outreach, and nonjudgmental risk reduction counseling can reduce HIV risk behaviors and prevalence among PWID.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
10 studies
Gray
I, II, IIIa, IIIb
HIV testing, PWID, PWID drug treatment, condom use, counseling, drug treatment, drug use, harm reduction, health education, needle distribution, needle exchange, needles
Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, China, Europe, India, Nepal, Russia, United States
Routinely offered testing that is voluntary and accompanied by counseling is acceptable to most women.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
9 studies
Gray
II, IIIb, IV, V
HIV testing, PMTCT, antenatal care, pregnancy
Botswana, Ecuador, Ethiopia, Europe, Hong Kong, Kenya, Malawi, Uganda, United States, Zimbabwe
Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People
The interventions in this section should also be viewed in conjunction with other topics where young women are included. Studies with adolescent-specific data are also included in the following sections: %{c:5}; %{c:7}; %{c:11}; %{c:13}; %{c:17}; %{c:21}; and %{c:23}.
HIV among adolescents is a growing concern. UNAIDS notes that adolescent girls and young women are a key population in danger o...
Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV
Given that most HIV transmission occurs through sexual intercourse, it is critical to include a sexual and reproductive health lens in HIV programming. In fact, several European governments have recently revised their international policies, recognizing that HIV/AIDS is a sexual and reproductive health issue (Germain et al., 2009).
All women have the right to decide freely and responsibly on t...
