Showing 1 - 14 of 14 Results for "East Africa"

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Interventions are needed to reduce drug resistance, particularly among those who are treatment naïve. Third line regimens may be needed in some resource limited settings. A systematic review was done on studies published on the spread of drug resistance in resource-limited settings after rollout of ART from 2001 to 2011, which reported on changes in the rate of HIV-1 drug resistance in treatment-naïve HIV-positive patients. The review found that east Africa had the highest rate of increase of drug resistance in treatment-naïve patients at 29% per year since rollout, followed by 14% in southern Africa, and 3% in west and central Africa. No specific analysis was done on gender because many studies did not include sex ratios. In total, 162 reports were included with data from 42 countries and 26,102 patients. In another study of Latin America, it was estimated that at least 6% of patients would need third line regimens within 5 years of ART initiation.
Adherence and Support
1 study
Enacting and enforcing laws and policies that respect, protect and fulfill women’s human rights, including those protecting women’s rights to land, property and inheritance and addressing violence against women, can enhance women’s ability to cope with HIV.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
3 studies Gray IIIb, V inheritance, property rights, violence against women East Africa, Southern Africa
Interventions are needed to meet the contraceptive needs of different groups of women who are living with HIV, such as sex workers, migrants, young women, etc. A recent review of studies using experimental or quasi-experimental design to attribute program exposure to observed changes in fertility or family planning outcomes at the individual or population level, with 63 studies from 1995 to 2008, found that studies did not assess the differential impact of interventions across target audiences.
Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV
1 study
Women’s right and access to, and control over, an equitable share of marital property and inheritance, including land, needs to be recognized and protected in law and practice.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Initiatives that provide for early diagnosis and appropriate longitudinal care prior to treatment eligibility are needed to reduce mortality rates and costs among adults accessing treatment. A review found that early mortality among adults accessing antiretroviral therapy can be attributed to late diagnosis of HIV. Despite multiple interactions with parts of the healthcare system, a study of women in Uganda found that late presentation for HIV care resulted largely from the, “inability of the medical system to link women to appropriate care,” (McGrath et al., 2012: 1095). Women entered care only when symptomatic. Another study found that more than a quarter of HIV patients in care prior to ART initiation did not start ART according to national guideline criteria. Another study found that women did not know where to go to access treatment. A review found that a process is needed to optimize transfers of care without treatment interruption and with appropriate medical documentation. Another study found that over half of patients who were not yet known to be eligible for ART at enrollment but who had tested HIV-positive, including a quarter who had CD4 counts taken, were lost to follow up. Another review found that asymptomatic patients perceived little need to initiate ART. Another study found that those with higher CD4 counts who were not yet eligible for ART lacked social support and social capital, yet needed this support.
Provision and Access
1 study
Peer education can increase protective behavior, including condom use, among women who use drugs and female partners of men who use drugs.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
2 studies Gray I, IIIb PWID, condom use, condoms, drug use, peer education Africa, Central Asia, East Asia, Latin America, Vietnam
Promoting acceptability of condom use by both women and men as the norm in sexual intercourse may decrease national HIV prevalence.
Male and Female Condom Use
4 studies Gray IIIb, V condoms, marriage, pregnancy, sexual partners, stigma Ethiopia, Kenya, South Africa, Sub-Saharan Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
In order for HIV and/or AIDS interventions for women and girls to succeed, factors beyond the health services need to be addressed through multisectoral interventions. These environmental factors include gender norms that guide how girls and boys grow to be women and men, legal norms that confer or withhold rights for women and girls, access to education, income, levels of tolerance for violenc...
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
*Respecting, protecting and fulfilling womens rights, particularly the rights of the most marginalized women, is increasingly understood as fundamental to an effective HIV response. Laws reflecting unequal gender norms that discriminate against women may limit their ability to protect themselves from HIV infection. In many countries where women are most at risk for acquiring HIV, laws to protec...
Partner Reduction
Prevention for Women
Multiple sexual partnerships have long been a concern in HIV prevention programming, which has focused on partner reduction. Multiple partnerships bring increased risk of HIV acquisition: A meta-analysis of 68 epidemiological studies from 1986 to 2006 with 17,000 HIV-positive people and 73,000 HIV-negative people found that women who reported three or more sex partners had three times as much l...
Prevention and Services for Adolescents and Young People
The interventions in this section should also be viewed in conjunction with other topics where young women are included. Studies with adolescent-specific data are also included in the following sections: %{c:5}; %{c:7}; %{c:11}; %{c:13}; %{c:17}; %{c:21}; and %{c:23}. HIV among adolescents is a growing concern. UNAIDS notes that adolescent girls and young women are a key population in danger o...
Tuberculosis
Preventing, Detecting and Treating Critical Co-Infections
Tuberculosis is the leading cause of death among people with HIV globally, accounting for almost 25% of all HIV deaths in 2008 (WHO, 2009i). The risk of acquiring TB is 21-34 times greater among people living with HIV than in the general population. In 2010, of 8.8 million incident TB cases worldwide, 1.1 million were among people living with HIV, with an estimated 350,000 deaths (WHO, 2011f). ...
Safe Motherhood and Prevention of Vertical Transmission
Three vital components of AIDS programming for women living with HIV are ensuring safe motherhood through access to health care before, during and after pregnancy and childbirth; ensuring access to treatment; and ensuring access to services to prevent vertical HIV transmission. While much progress has been made in reducing vertical transmission, more could be done. A recent demographic model sh...
Addressing Violence Against Women
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...