Showing 1 - 20 of 28 Results for "Vietnam"

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Strengthened post-test counseling for those who test HIV positive must explain who is eligible for treatment; the importance of treatment and reducing transmission; and where to access treatment. A study found that women who tested positive did not know about treatment nor where to go to access treatment.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
1 study
PWID need equitable access to antiretroviral therapy. PWID have successfully started antiretroviral therapy in at least 50 countries but PWID are disproportionally less likely than other patients with HIV to receive antiretroviral therapy, even in the countries where PWID represent most of the HIV-positive population. In 2008, PWID were 67% of HIV cases in five countries with the largest HIV epidemics concentrated in PWID yet only 25% of those receiving ART (Wolfe et al., 2010). [See also %{c:13}]
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
HIV testing must be linked to access to treatment.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Increased efforts are needed to actively plan for screening and treating HIV-TB co-infection, particularly in antenatal clinics. A study found no planning for HIV-TB co-infection across all levels of the health care system. Other studies found separate services and no information for co-infected patients on the risks of co-infection, plus no screening and treatment of co-infection. [See also %{c:17}]
Tuberculosis
1 study
Further research is needed to determine the appropriate timing of initiating ART for TB/HIV co-infected patients. Studies conflict with regard to timing of TB therapy and ART for those patients with CD4 counts below 200. Studies also conflict with regard to timing for ART for patients with extra-pulmonary TB.
Tuberculosis
1 study
Interventions are needed to support parents and caregivers on taking care of children living with HIV. Needs include information and training as well as combating stigma and discrimination against HIV-positive children.
Women and Girls
1 study
Interventions are needed to improve quality of HIV treatment and care within health services. Studies found that guidelines for counseling were missing from facilities and that clients were referred for HIV testing and counseling in geographically distant locations based on donor preference.
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Further efforts are needed to guarantee confidentiality of HIV test results. A study found that nurses and physicians did not access HTC because of fears of confidentiality.
HIV Testing and Counseling for Women
1 study
Improvements are needed in health services, such as increased or flexible clinic hours, to reduce wait times and to encourage ART initiation. Interviews with people living with HIV eligible for ART who refused ART found that "the problem is…services….The process is so long" (Musheke et al., 2013a: 236). In addition, waiting to access ART jeopardizes livelihoods. Information systems that can track patients across sites can assist in tracking patients who need care.
Provision and Access
1 study
Interventions are needed to ensure that stigma from health care workers does not discourage HIV-positive women from giving birth in safer settings. [See also %{s:67}] Studies found that HIV-positive women experienced discrimination by providers in ANC services or did not attend ANC services due to fear of mistreatment by health providers.
Delivery
1 study
Interventions are needed to scale up and increase access to methadone and buprenorphine—effective agonist therapy for the treatment of drug dependence, as well as needle exchange/distribution programs. Studies found only tiny fractions of those who need maintenance medication had access. A study found that user fees for methadone maintenance programs presented a barrier to access to care. In places where no needle exchange programs are operating, high rates of borrowing of used syringes occur, placing IDUs at high risk of acquiring HIV.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Interventions are needed to provide women and their partners with a better understanding of the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual practices as well as through injecting drug use (IOM, 2007). Studies found low rates of condom use despite sexual relationships with IDUs, lack of knowledge by IDUs on sexual and reproductive health and lack of access to clean needles. A study also found that many MSM and male intravenous drug users avoid disclosure of their sexual and drug risk behavior along with their HIV status due to stigma and gender norms and that most wives reported violence and little or no condom use. HIV-positive male IDUs want help with disclosure to their wives. Most wives of IDUs reported only a single lifetime sexual partner and only a tiny proportion reported injecting drug use.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Interventions to increase the knowledge of people living with HIV — especially women — regarding their rights and provision of resources for them to access and claim these rights need to be scaled up. Studies found that women had insufficient knowledge of their legal rights and no resources to claim their legal rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Expansion and scaling up of interventions promoting economic opportunities for women are needed to increase their ability to refuse unsafe sex and reduce stigma for women living with HIV. Studies found that lack of income, food and jobs forced women to sell sex to survive, placing them at risk of HIV acquisition.
Promoting Women’s Employment, Income and Livelihood Opportunities
1 study
Health care provider training is needed to increase confidentiality and decrease discrimination against sex workers seeking health services. Studies found that significant proportions of female and transgender sex workers did not visit health facilities because of lack of confidentiality, discrimination, and lack of counseling when accessing HIV testing.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Interventions are needed to support the autonomous decision-making of HIV-positive women who are caught between the contradictory pressures of family, community and health care providers. Studies found that HIV-positive women and men need information and social support to make decisions that reflect their own preferences in the face of pressure to bear children. A review of the published literature from 1990 to 2008 found that the refusal of health workers to discuss reproductive options in a non-biased way negatively impacts HIV-positive women. Studies also found that HIV-positive men lacked information on pre-conception and felt they could not request this information from health providers.
Pre-Conception
1 study
Additional efforts are needed to ensure confidentiality in testing. Studies found that women were tested without their consent and that providers did not protect women’s confidentiality.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Accurate testing techniques for infants may inform infant feeding. Studies note that rapid scale up of early infant diagnosis is needed in low-resource settings in order to access treatment and care as soon as possible. [For WHO guidance on HIV testing in infants see: www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/toolkit/additional_resources/children/en/]
Postpartum
1 study
Efforts are needed to reform laws that criminalize drug use and/or drug possession for personal use and to eliminate compulsory drug detention and instead, provide people who use drugs with access to HIV and health services, including harm reduction, and voluntary, effective evidence-based drug dependency treatment. Detention centers are administered by police, military or other national government public security authorities and operate outside the formal criminal justice system with detainees held without trial or right of appeal; those detained are not allowed to leave voluntarily (Wolfe, 2012). Studies found that female IDU were not given reproductive health services, including PMTCT services in compulsory detention and/or prison settings. Detoxification programs were substandard and ineffective. Despite high rates of HIV, antiretroviral treatment is largely unavailable in compulsory drug detention centers. IDUs who have started antiretroviral treatment should be able to continue treatment in prison with access to medical supervision. [See also %{s:11}]
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Efforts are needed to eliminate compulsory drug detention and instead, provide PWID with HIV prevention and testing services and effective drug dependency treatment by medical professionals. Detention centers are administered by police, military or other national government public security authorities and operate outside the form criminal justice system with detainees held without trial or right of appeal and those detained do not allow people to leave voluntarily (Wolfe, 2012). Studies found that women who use drugs were not given reproductive health services, including PMTCT services in compulsory detention and/or prison settings. Detoxification programs were substandard and ineffective. Despite high rates of HIV, antiretroviral treatment is largely unavailable in compulsory drug detention centers. One study found high rates of injecting drug use within prison and high rates of syringe sharing within prisons plus incarceration was not associated with reduction in drug use, with over a quarter of these female drug users. PWID in and out of prison who have started antiretroviral treatment should be able to continue treatment with access to medical supervision. Treatment in compulsory drug detention takes the form of sanction rather than therapy, with high relapse rates.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study