Showing 1 - 11 of 11 Results for "gender norms"

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Programs are needed to change family gender norms to give brothers and sisters equal access to household resources and pocket money, to reduce the need for transactional sex.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Changing the gender norms that can lead to increased risks of HIV such as those dictating multiple sexual partners, the use of violence, or drinking heavily for men and sexual ignorance, submissiveness and dependency for women and girls is a current challenge. Further well-evaluated interventions are needed and existing interventions need to be scaled up. Studies found that women were aware of being at risk for HIV yet felt they had no power to negotiate the terms of sex or to demand condom use. Studies found that both men and women thought multiple sexual partners for men to be an accepted norm in many countries. Media reinforced these gender stereotypes.
Transforming Gender Norms
1 study
HIV programming must be more effective in creating meaningful involvement for both male and female partners and increase focus on gender equality. A review of 63 programs in developing countries found that only one-third had treated addressing gender norms as a strong central focus. In many programs, participants were asked only to bring their partners for HIV testing or other services, rather than supported to question harmful gender norms or to involve opposite sex participants in a meaningful way. “What is needed in the near future is more evidence of the synergies and sustainable outcomes that emerge when gender-transformative work with men and women becomes truly synchronized” (Levack and Greene, 2010: 21).
Transforming Gender Norms
1 study
Interventions are needed to reduce homophobia, which may lead MSM to have partnerships with women. [See %{s:3}]
Transforming Gender Norms
Interventions are needed to reduce homophobia, which may lead MSM to have partnerships with women. Studies found that homosexuality was heavily stigmatized and that gender norms pressured MSM to marry and have families.
Partner Reduction
1 study
Interventions are needed to counter gender norms that discourage men from attending health services until they are extremely sick. Studies have shown that norms of masculinity prevent men from accessing ART until severely symptomatic.
Provision and Access
1 study
Interventions are needed to counter gender norms, such as those which value girls’ sexual ignorance and virginity, which place girls at risk for HIV transmission. [See also %{s:57}] Studies found that gender norms valued sexual ignorance of girls and therefore girls were at risk of HIV acquisition. Some studies found that women did not know anything about HIV until they became HIV-positive. Girls are taught to surrender power to meet cultural expectations of being a good girl or good woman. Boys derive status from having multiple sexual partners.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Evaluated interventions are urgently needed to reduce multiple and concurrent partnerships – particularly for both men and women where perceived HIV risk is low and the woman is subjected to gender norms of faithfulness while the man is subjected to gender norms of having multiple sexual partners. [See also %{s:57}] Studies found that married women were at risk of HIV acquisition, but were either unaware of the risk or did not believe they were at risk. Studies found that extra-relational sex on the part of the husband was common. Other studies found that a significant portion of women have had high rates of multiple partners. Other studies found that serial monogamous relationships led to a high risk of HIV acquisition.
Partner Reduction
1 study
Further interventions are needed to provide couples counseling and testing to reduce seroconversion during pregnancy. Studies found that inadequate numbers of couples are counseled on safer sex during pregnancy and that despite national guidelines, repeat testing during pregnancy is not routinely done. Studies also found that inadequate spaces for men in antenatal care as well as gender norms that discouraged men from accompanying women to antenatal care discouraged couples testing.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
Interventions are needed to provide women and their partners with a better understanding of the risk of acquiring HIV through sexual practices as well as through injecting drug use (IOM, 2007). Studies found low rates of condom use despite sexual relationships with IDUs, lack of knowledge by IDUs on sexual and reproductive health and lack of access to clean needles. A study also found that many MSM and male intravenous drug users avoid disclosure of their sexual and drug risk behavior along with their HIV status due to stigma and gender norms and that most wives reported violence and little or no condom use. HIV-positive male IDUs want help with disclosure to their wives. Most wives of IDUs reported only a single lifetime sexual partner and only a tiny proportion reported injecting drug use.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Interventions are needed for male involvement that do not such reinforce harmful gender norms or increase risk for violence, stigma or discrimination. “Evidence for effectiveness of male involvement in PMTCT programs is scant” (Beckham et al., 2015: 67). One study only evaluated male involvement as accompanying their pregnant partner to ANC care with no HIV related outcomes listed and tasking the woman to require her male partner to come to ANC (Nyondo et al., 2015). Most approaches only reach men through their pregnant spouse, with no services for men beyond HIV testing and use men as an instrument solely to increase access to services by women. Men have been denied involvement in antenatal care, birth and delivery even if the couple so chooses.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
1 study