Showing 1 - 20 of 53 Results for "infants"

Results

Early HIV diagnosis and early HAART for HIV positive infants can drastically reduced infant mortality in resource-limited settings.
Postpartum
1 study Gray II PMTCT, testing, treatment South Africa
Exclusive breastfeeding for the first six months of the infant’s life with a gradual decrease in breastfeeding results in lower rates of HIV transmission to the infant, reduced infant mortality, and improved infant growth compared to mixed feeding or abrupt weaning. Where clean accessible water is not available, breastfeeding after six months reduces infant mortality.
Postpartum
12 studies Gray II, IIIa, IIIb CD4 counts, PMTCT, breastfeeding, breastfeeding PMTCT, formula feeding, infant feeding, mixed feeding, treatment Côte d’Ivoire, Malawi, Nigeria, South Africa, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Interventions are needed to support women living with HIV to reduce infant abandonment. Studies found that families forced women living with HIV to abandon their infants; some due to erroneous fears that the infant could transmit HIV.
Orphans and Vulnerable Children
1 study
National scale-up of cART in pregnancy improves maternal and infant outcomes.
Antenatal Care - Treatment
4 studies Gray IIIb Jamaica, pregnancy, scale up, treatment Malawi, South Africa, Ukraine
Further efforts are needed to educate families about HIV transmission so that infants are not abandoned. [See also %{s:73}] A study found that families forced HIV-positive women to abandon their infants due to erroneous fears that the infants could transmit HIV.
Postpartum
1 study
Counseling for both pregnant women and future fathers to circumcise male infants may reduce HIV acquisition and transmission when those male infants become sexually active young men. [See %{s:43}]
Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision
1 study
Counseling for both pregnant women and future fathers to circumcise male infants may reduce HIV acquisition and transmission when those male infants become sexually active young men. [See also %{s:5}]
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
3 studies Gray I, IV, V male circumcision, transmission Botswana
Further research is needed on infant transmission risks of malaria and/or HIV in pregnant women who have malaria-HIV co-infection.
Malaria
1 study
Young women living with HIV can safely deliver HIV-negative infants with appropriate treatment. [See also %{c:17}]
Increasing Access to Services
1 study Gray IIIb adolescents, health care facilities, pregnancy, transmission Brazil
Additional research is needed on disease progression among children and adolescents who acquired HIV as infants.
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Involving partners, with women’s consent, can result in increased testing and disclosure and may reduce risk of vertical transmission and infant mortality.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
4 studies Gray II, IIIa, IIIb HIV testing, PMTCT, STIs, antenatal care, condoms, counseling, pregnancy, sexual partners India, Kenya, South Africa
Accurate testing techniques for infants may inform infant feeding. Studies note that rapid scale up of early infant diagnosis is needed in low-resource settings in order to access treatment and care as soon as possible. [For WHO guidance on HIV testing in infants see: www.who.int/hiv/topics/vct/toolkit/additional_resources/children/en/]
Postpartum
1 study
More research is needed to understand the relationship between maternal single-dose nevirapine administered during delivery and postpartum nevirapine resistance found in breastmilk, and its impact on postnatal transmission to infants. [See also %{s:45}] A study detected nevirapine resistance in 40% of breast milk samples collected from 30 HIV-positive mothers after four weeks of single-dose nevirapine exposure. Breastmilk samples were collected from 19 mothers whose infants tested HIV negative and 11 mothers who infants tested HIV positive by 6 weeks of age.
Postpartum
1 study
Increased support is needed for HIV serostatus disclosure, particularly at key times such as delivery, infant weaning, and at the resumption of sexual activity. Studies found that disclosure to partners was low and women reported needing additional support to disclose.
Antenatal Care - Testing and Counseling
1 study
HIV-positive mothers, fathers, grandmothers and the larger community need clear, consistent, non-contradictory and nonjudgmental counseling on infant feeding practices. Health care providers need training based on accurate information. Studies found that health care providers gave HIV-positive women conflicting information and that simplified structured counseling tools are needed. Studies found that women reported that providers accused them of killing their infants if they breastfed. Women lack access to infant formula but have been told by providers that it is the only way for their infant to survive. Women were told that breastfeeding is a mode of HIV transmission and exclusive breastfeeding is a mode of prevention. Women fear HIV more than diarrheal disease, even though more deaths occur from diarrheal disease. Women were not given choices. Women did not give providers accurate information on how they were feeding their infant for fear of being denied health care. Women were told to feed their infants formula yet did not have adequate food support, most mothers could not do so with few having an income and most with no access to safe drinking water. Women lacked autonomy to decide infant feeding, which was decided by male partners or grandmothers. "Despite the current WHO recommendations to use extended infant prophylaxis as long as the infant is breastfed, no data are yet available from a clinical trial to confirm effectiveness and safety of this regimen beyond the first six months postpartum" (Taha, 2011: 919).
Postpartum
1 study
Ongoing surveillance is needed to assess the impact of cART on infants (both HIV-negative and HIV-positive) exposed in utero and during breastfeeding. A recent US study had encouraging results that among ARV-exposed uninfected children, no learning issues were noted (Nozyce et al., 2014) and another US-based study found no increased risk for infants exposed to ART (Phiri et al., 2014). A pilot ART registry in Africa has been launched
Antenatal Care - Treatment
1 study
Stigma reduction interventions are needed so that women with HIV can choose replacement feeding, breastfeeding and weaning schedules. Studies found that HIV-positive women feared that if they used infant formula or abruptly weaned, they would be stigmatized for their HIV-positive serostatus.
Postpartum
1 study
Further efforts are needed to encourage counseling to help HIV-positive mothers with exclusive breastfeeding. A study followed 61 HIV-positive mothers and their infants and found that after counseling and breastfeeding support, mothers exclusively breastfed for an average of 3.3 months, at which point 96% were exclusively breastfeeding compared to 23.5% in the general population.
Postpartum
1 study
Women and their sexual partners need access to comprehensive pre-conception care so they can make informed decisions about pregnancy before conception. Studies found that HIV-positive women could not access pre-conception advice on safer pregnancy options, as health providers discouraged pregnancy. Studies found that significant numbers of pregnant women did not know any way to prevent vertical transmission and face dilemmas with balancing the desire for children with fear of risking acquiring HIV or transmitting HIV to their partner or infant. Studies also showed that women did not understand the relationship between high CD4 counts and reducing the risk of HIV transmission.
Pre-Conception
1 study
Actions are needed to increase young people’s knowledge of when and where to access health services, including access to contraception and condoms. A UNESCO review found that young people lacked knowledge of where to access health services to meet their needs. Adolescents in numerous countries are sexually active, yet have low rates of contraceptive use. Adolescents need accurate detailed information about the level of risk of different sex acts (oral, genital and anal). Studies found that youth aged 15 to 24 were at high risk of either acquiring HIV or testing HIV-positive, yet less likely to report having been tested for HIV. Increased knowledge that HIV-positive infants can survive to adolescence is also needed so that these young people can get tested for HIV and access services. In some countries, HIV prevalence among both female and male adolescents who tested for HIV was as high as 16%. [See also Meeting the %{s:35}]
Increasing Access to Services
1 study