What Works

Providing treatment support and literacy, including by HIV-positive peers and by providers, can increase adherence.

4 studies Gray IIIb, V adherence, counseling, literacy, support, support groups, treatment, treatment literacy Indonesia, Mozambique, Swaziland, Thailand

Providing women with condom negotiation skills may improve condom use.

Male and Female Condom Use

2 studies Gray IIIb condom use, education, marriage, training South Africa, Zimbabwe

Antiretroviral therapy can be provided with successful outcomes in conflict settings.

Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies

1 study Gray IIIb contraception, counseling, treatment

Training for providers, along with access to the means of universal precautions, can reduce provider discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS. [See also %{c:25}]

Reducing Stigma and Discrimination

6 studies Gray II, IIIa, IIIb HIV testing, Turkey, discrimination, providers, stigma, training, training programs China, India, Lesotho, Malawi, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Vietnam

Training for providers, along with access to the means of universal precautions, can reduce provider discrimination against people with HIV/AIDS. [See %{s:67}]

Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs

1 study

Providers need training on meeting the contraceptive needs of women and couples with HIV, including providing non-directive, informed choice counseling and reducing stigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. [See also %{s:67}] Studies found that HIV-positive women were required to wait in separate waiting rooms and that because provider bias limited contraceptive options, providers needed additional training on the full range of contraceptive options. Other studies showed that providers have inaccurate knowledge concerning HIV and contraception.

Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV

1 study

Providers need training on meeting the contraceptive needs of women and couples with HIV, including providing non-directive, informed choice counseling and reducing stigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. [See %{c:15}]

Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs

1 study

Providers and HIV testing counselors need training on female condoms to promote use. Studies found that providers and counselors need training in order to be able to promote female condom use.

Male and Female Condom Use

1 study

Mobile phone text messages from health providers may improve adherence by providing patient support. Note: WHO notes the importance of national regulations to protect the privacy of those receiving text messages (WHO, 2013: 180).

Adherence and Support

6 studies Gray I, II, IIIb adherence, mobile phones, pill counts, treatment Brazil, India, Kenya, Uganda

Providers need training on meeting the contraceptive needs of women and couples with HIV, including providing non-directive, informed choice counseling and reducing stigma and discrimination for women living with HIV. [See %{c:15}]

Preventing Unintended Pregnancies

1 study

Provider-initiated HIV testing and counseling can be acceptable, feasible and lead to high uptake of HIV testing among TB patients.

Tuberculosis

6 studies Gray IIIb, IV, V TB, co-infection, counseling, screening, testing China, Democratic Republic of Congo, India, Rwanda, South Africa

Training others, such as men and young people, to provide voluntary home care assistance can ease the burden of home care for women.

Women and Girls

2 studies Gray IIIb community-based care, men, youth Zambia, Zimbabwe

Providing community development projects, rather than a narrowly defined HIV/AIDS program, may reduce the stigma against OVC.

Orphans and Vulnerable Children

2 studies Gray IV OVC, community-based care, stigma Kenya, Tanzania

Providing HIV testing and counseling together with STI services can reach women at high risk for HIV. [See %{c:11}]

Treating Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs)

1 study

Providing antiretroviral treatment to people living with HIV can increase HIV prevention behaviors, including condom use. [See %{s:33}]

Treatment as Prevention

1 study

Providing antiretroviral treatment to people living with HIV can increase HIV prevention behaviors, including condom use.

Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission

9 studies Gray IIIa, IIIb, IV HAART, condom use, condoms, contraception, risk behavior, sex behavior, treatment Botswana, Brazil, Côte d'Ivoire, Kenya, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia

Providing peer support, information and skills-building support to people living with HIV can reduce unprotected sex.

Staying Healthy and Reducing Transmission

7 studies Gray I, II, IIIa, IIIb, V condom use, counseling, sex behavior, sexual partners, support, support groups, treatment, violence Ethiopia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Uganda, United States, Zambia

Providing information and skills-building support to people living with HIV can reduce self-reported unprotected sex.

Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV

4 studies Gray I, V STIs, condom use, disclosure, education, providers, sex behavior, sexual partners United States, Zambia

Providing antiretroviral treatment to people living with HIV can increase HIV prevention behaviors, including condom use. [See %{s:33}]

Meeting the Sexual and Reproductive Health Needs of Women Living With HIV

1 study

Integrated harm reduction programming is needed for sex workers who use drugs. Site visits and a meeting of service providers, NGOs and people who use drugs found that programs for drug users and sex workers are provided separately, with the result that drug using sex workers are excluded from most services.

Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs

1 study