Showing 1 - 20 of 23 Results for "rape"

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Establishing comprehensive post-rape care protocols, which include PEP and emergency contraception, can improve services for women.
Addressing Violence Against Women
4 studies Gray IIIb, V counseling, post-exposure prophylaxis, pregnancy, providers, rape, violence Kenya, South Africa
Establishing comprehensive post-rape care protocols, which include PEP, can improve services for women. [See %{s:59}]
Structuring Health Services to Meet Women’s Needs
1 study
Interventions combating rape and sexual violence are urgently needed in crises-affected settings. Studies found that women IDPs suffer from high rates of violence and are at high risk of acquiring HIV.
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
1 study
Changing laws and policies, ending police violence, and other mechanisms are needed to protect sex workers from violence and rape. Studies found sex workers experienced high rates of violence and rape from clients and police, and that fear of arrest was a barrier to accessing health services. Studies also found that violence was associated with inconsistent condom use and HIV incidence. Studies also found high rates of violence from intimate partners and clients, but inability to press charges.
Female Sex Workers
1 study
Programs are needed that link interventions addressing HIV/AIDS and child abuse. One report found that no PEP access guidelines exist for children who were raped and were under the age of 14. Other studies found high risk behavior among those who had been sexually abused as children.
Addressing Violence Against Women
1 study
Women who use drugs need access to services for violence against women, dual method use, effective contraception and reproductive health. Studies found high rates of violence, including rape, and lack of access to reproductive health services among women who use drugs. One study found high rates of unintended pregnancies.
Women Who Use Drugs and Female Partners of Men Who Use Drugs
1 study
Legislation that allows women the right to refuse forced marriage and to divorce and that penalizes marital and non-marital rape is necessary to reduce coercive sex and the risk of HIV transmission. Studies found that in some countries, particularly in regions where there are generalized epidemics, legislation penalizing marital rape does not exist. For younger women: laws stating that a girl under age 16 cannot consent to sex but also that she cannot claim protection from the law if someone has sex with her against her will must be changed: "By granting her neither agency nor security, the law renders her a non-person" (Global Commission on HIV and the Law, 2012).
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
1 study
Increased training is needed for providers to discuss sexuality and pleasure with adolescent youth who need reproductive health services. A analysis of fictional narratives written by young people aged ten to 24 concerning HIV found that young people criticized the lack of skills by providers to discuss issues of sex and pleasure as well as conceptualizing rape as a punishment for girls who do not abstain from sex.
Increasing Access to Services
1 study
Interventions, policies and budgets are needed to reduce sexual coercion and rape of both boys and girls, create awareness in communities that violence against children is unacceptable, strengthen child statutory protection systems, and conceptualize and implement appropriate child protection services in developing countries. Access to post-exposure prophylaxis in case of rape when the perpetrator is HIV-positive is also needed. [See also %{c:21}] In most countries of Eastern and Southern Africa, the age of consent for sex is 16. Despite these restrictions, more than 10% of girls have had sexual debut before age 15. A study found that in a sample of more than 1,000 males and more than 1,000 females, large numbers had experienced high rates of physical punishment, emotional abuse and touching of sexual organs when not wanted or sex due to force or coercion prior to age 18 and that incident HIV infections were more common in women who suffered emotional abuse, sexual abuse and physical punishment. Sexual abuse in men was associated with alcohol abuse and depression. Other studies found high rates of sexual coercion and high-risk behaviors among street children. “Few children disclose abuse, fewer still seek services and report to authorities, virtually no children actually receive services and perpetrators rarely suffer consequences” (Sommarin et al., 2014: S213). Most research does not provide adolescent-specific data on violence, instead listing results for ages 15 to 49. Reviews have not found evidence that preventive responses have had an impact on rates of sexual abuse. Effective programs in the US and Canada have not been assessed for adaptation in other countries.
Mitigating Risk
1 study
Legal challenges to redress rights violations for women can advance women’s human rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
5 studies Gray V Solomon Islands, discrimination, family planning, gender, health services, marital rape, sexual violence, sterilization Chile, Kenya, Namibia
Training on human rights for people living with HIV can increase protection of their rights.
Promoting Women’s Leadership
2 studies Gray IIIb, V Democratic Republic of the Congo, abortion, contraception, human rights, post-exposure prophylaxis, rape, women’s empowerment Angola, Botswana, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia
Integrating legal education and services into health care settings can help ensure that women are able to secure their rights.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
6 studies Gray IIIa, IV, V HIV-related discrimination, legal assistance, people who use drugs, post-exposure prophylaxis, property rights, rape, violence against women, wills Kenya, Ukraine, Zambia
Women and Girls in Complex Emergencies
Prevention for Key Affected Populations
Complex emergencies are situations of disrupted livelihoods and threats to life produced by warfare, civil disturbance and large-scale movements of people, in which any emergency response has to be conducted in a difficult political and security environment (WHO, 2002). Complex emergencies can also be generated from natural disasters. An estimated 200 million people are affected every year by h...
Enacting and enforcing laws and policies that respect, protect and fulfill women’s human rights, including those protecting women’s rights to land, property and inheritance and addressing violence against women, can enhance women’s ability to cope with HIV.
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
3 studies Gray IIIb, V inheritance, property rights, violence against women East Africa, Southern Africa
Addressing Violence Against Women
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
Violence, in addition to being a human rights violation, has been clearly demonstrated as a risk factor for HIV (WHO, 2010f; Stephenson, 2007; Jewkes et al., 2006a; Manfrin-Ledet and Porche, 2003; Dunkle et al., 2004; Quigley et al., 2000b; Silverman et al., 2008). Analysis of DHS data in Rwanda showed that currently married women with few, if any, sexual risk factors for HIV but who have exper...
Women Who Have Sex With Women (WSW)
Prevention for Key Affected Populations
At least seventy-six countries criminalize consensual samesex relations, making access to HIV prevention, treatment and care a challenge for women who have sex with women (UN General Assembly, 2011). According to a report by the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission, although prevalence rates are lower than heterosexual women, same-sex practicing South African women self-report ...
Investment in women’s groups, especially positive women’s networks, can result in policy engagement and change to better meet women’s health and human rights needs.
Promoting Women’s Leadership
3 studies Gray IIIb, V leadership, self-efficacy, training programs, women’s empowerment, youth Botswana, Kenya, Namibia, Nepal, South Africa, Tanzania, Zimbabwe
Female Sex Workers
Prevention for Key Affected Populations
Sex workers, whose work involves sexual relations with multiple partners, are a key group of women who need access to comprehensive sexual health services, including HIV prevention, treatment and care. Programs that enhance sex workers' ability to use condoms are also vitally important (Lafort et al., 2010; Pisani, 2008). Unprotected sex with multiple partners puts sex workers at risk of HIV ac...
Advancing Human Rights and Access to Justice for Women and Girls
Strengthening the Enabling Environment
*Respecting, protecting and fulfilling womens rights, particularly the rights of the most marginalized women, is increasingly understood as fundamental to an effective HIV response. Laws reflecting unequal gender norms that discriminate against women may limit their ability to protect themselves from HIV infection. In many countries where women are most at risk for acquiring HIV, laws to protec...
Prevention for Women
In this era of great strides forward in treatment, it is important not to lose sight of the continued need to undertake a range of interventions to prevent HIV transmission. An estimated 2.7 million people newly acquired HIV infection in 2010, as they did for each of the years 2009, 2008 and 2007, down from 3.1 million people in 2002 (WHO et al., 2011b). However, even with all this encouraging ...